Rogue5
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June 29, 2006 - SB-06-38
NTSB MARKS 10th ANNIVERSARY OF CRASH OF TWA 800
Washington DC - With the 10th anniversary of the crash of TWA Flight 800 approaching, the National Transportation Safety Board today released a fact sheet that reviews lessons learned from the accident investigation and the
progress toward ensuring that similar tragedies do not happen in the future.
The Board's review found that significant safety improvements have been implemented over the past ten years, but that more needs to be done to avoid another accident like TWA 800.
TWA 800, a Boeing 747, crashed on July 17, 1996, minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport on a flight to Paris, France. All 230 persons aboard the airplane died in the accident. The Safety Board conducted an exhaustive four-year investigation and determined that
the accident was caused by an explosion in the center wing fuel tank, resulting from ignition of the flammable fuel/air mixture in the tank.
"The crash of TWA 800 was a watershed event for the air carrier industry," said NTSB Acting Chairman Mark V. Rosenker. "In the intervening years, a lot of thought and effort has been devoted to the issues raised by this
accident, and the public is safer for it."
The most prominent issues raised by the TWA 800 accident concern protection against flammable fuel tank vapors and aging electrical systems.
Rosenker noted that fleet-wide inspections and analytical reviews of fuel tank design have resulted in significant measures that have the potential to reduce the likelihood of an ignition event inside a tank, and that fuel pumps, fuel
quantity indicating systems, in-tank wiring, co-routed wiring, and operational procedures have been modified to make fuel systems safer.
"Equally important," Rosenker said, "is the prospect of substantially reducing fuel tank flammability exposure - something that was seen as impractical ten years ago but is now feasible, even in this difficult era when airline operators need to be extremely conscious of costs."
But while applauding the FAA and industry for the progress that has been made, Rosenker cautioned that the process is moving much too slowly. "Ten years after the TWA accident, fuel tank inerting systems are not in place on our airliners, and flammability exposure is largely unchanged. And proposed rule changes do not include the majority of fuel tanks which are in the wings of transport airplanes, nor this country's large fleet of cargo aircraft." Consequently, he added, reduction in fuel tank flammability remains on the NTSB's Most Wanted List of Safety Improvements.
Rosenker also expressed disappointment that the FAA did not act on the NTSB's immediate, interim recommendations, issued a few months after the TWA accident, that were aimed at reducing the fuel tank flammability problem until longer-term solutions are in place. The recommendation was closed by the Safety Board last year and given an "unacceptable action" status.
Rosenker noted that the TWA accident gave great impetus to legislation that revolutionized the ability of the families of the victims to obtain accurate and timely information about an airliner accident and the subsequent investigation. Passed in 1996, Public Law 104-264 assigned to the NTSB the
role of integrating the resources of the Federal government with those of local and state authorities, and the airlines, to meet the needs of aviation disaster victims and their families. Today, the emergency planning accomplished by the airlines, in cooperation with the NTSB, serves as a model
for the transportation industry in this country and throughout the world.
Further information on the investigation of the crash of TWA 800, the text of the final report and the recommendations stemming from the accident are available on the NTSB web site at www.ntsb.gov.
Attachment: TWA 800 Fact Sheet
Media contact: Paul Schlamm (202) 314-6100
TWA FLIGHT 800
The crash of a Boeing 747, operating as TWA flight 800, on July 17, 1996, tragically took the lives of all 230 persons aboard, and resulted in one of the most extensive, expensive and technically difficult investigations in the Safety Board's history.
After a 4-year investigation, the Safety Board determined that the probable cause of the crash was an explosion in the center wing fuel tank; the ignition of the flammable fuel/air mixture in the tank was attributed to an electrical
failure.
The accident investigation highlighted two significant issues with major implications for the design and operation of transport airplanes. One concerns the potential vulnerability of fuel tanks, the other the problems raised
by aging aircraft wiring.
Fuel Tank Vulnerability
Since the TWA 800 accident, there have been two additional airliner fuel tank explosions. On March 3, 2001, a center wing tank explosion destroyed a Thai Airways B-737 at the terminal in Bangkok, Thailand.
Currently under investigation is a left wing fuel tank explosion on a Transmile Airlines B-727 in Bangalore, India on May 4, 2006. At the time of the explosion the airplane was waiting to be towed and only the auxiliary power unit
was running. The exact source of the ignition energy for the fuel/vapor mixture has not been determined, but initial examination of the structural damage to the left wing indicates that most likely the wing would have failed had the airplane been in flight at the time of the explosion. Such a structural failure in flight would not be survivable.
The TWA 800 investigation found that factors contributing to the accident were:
A flawed design and airworthiness certification philosophy that fuel tank explosions could be prevented solely by eliminating all likely ignition
sources; and,
The certification of the Boeing 747 design that had heat sources located beneath the center wing tank with no means to reduce the heat transferred into the fuel tank, and no protection against the flammability of vapors that accumulated in the tank.
The Safety Board concluded that dealing just with ignition sources was not sufficient to ensure safe flight and that fuel tank flammability must be addressed.
On December 13, 1996, the NTSB issued two safety recommendations aimed at reducing flammable fuel/air mixtures on airliners. One suggested short-term measures in airplane operations that could immediately reduce the levels
of these flammable mixtures (A-96-175), while the other called for design changes that would necessarily take years to implement (A-96-174).
Both recommendations were placed on the Board's Most Wanted List of Safety Improvements.
The Safety Board is disappointed that the FAA has refused to require air carriers to adopt short-term actions that could be quickly implemented to lessen fuel tank vulnerability. In November 2005, the NTSB classified this recommendation "Closed-Unacceptable Action."
The FAA has made significant progress in eliminating potential ignition sources in the entire fleet of transport airplanes. In May 2001, the FAA issued Special Federal Aviation Regulation Number 88 (SFAR 88) requiring a comprehensive analysis of all potential ignition sources in aircraft fuel tanks, and provisions to remove the ignition source risk.
The FAA also is in the process of issuing over a hundred airworthiness directives that address specific problems that were found in various airplane models.
On November 22, 2005, the FAA issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) titled "Reduction of Fuel Tank Flammability in Transport Category Airplanes" which proposes new rules that should greatly reduce the chances of a catastrophic fuel-tank explosion by requiring a flammability reduction system be installed and used in transport category airplanes.
The NTSB strongly supports adoption of this NPRM for both existing and new airplanes, and has urged the fastest possible implementation.
The NPRM, however, will not apply this requirement to airliner wing fuel tanks, nor to cargo aircraft. The Safety Board believes this system should be required for cargo as well as passenger aircraft, and that wing fuel tanks should also be covered. As the recent Bangalore incident illustrates, the potential for ignition of fuel/air vapors can exist in wing tanks as well as center wing tanks.
The Safety Board is concerned that movement on the NPRM has been so slow and that closure of the comment period has been repeatedly postponed, finally closing on May 8, 2006. Airliner fuel tanks are as flammable today as they were ten years ago.
Aging Wiring
In the TWA 800 investigation, the Safety Board found evidence to conclude that the most likely source of ignition energy for the fuel tank explosion was a short circuit that introduced electrical energy into the tank.
Examination of numerous other transport airplanes revealed wide-spread problems related to the aging of wiring and other airplane systems that could result in catastrophic accidents.
On April 7, 1998, the Safety Board issued a series of recommendations (A-98-34 to 39) addressing wiring problems that potentially could result in fires or provide fuel tank ignition sources.
Additional recommendations (A-00-105 to 108) concerning the aging and maintenance of systems installed in the entire fleet of transport airplanes were issued following the Safety Board's public meeting (August 22-23, 2000) at which the TWA 800 final investigation report was considered.
On October 5, 2005, the FAA published an NPRM titled "Enhanced Airworthiness Program for Airplane Systems/Fuel Tank Safety" that proposed a combination of actions to ensure the safety of commercial airplanes by improving the design, installation, and maintenance of electrical wiring
interconnection systems.
The Safety Board believes this NPRM has many positive aspects and introduces numerous potential improvements, and looks forward to its implementation.
NTSB MARKS 10th ANNIVERSARY OF CRASH OF TWA 800
Washington DC - With the 10th anniversary of the crash of TWA Flight 800 approaching, the National Transportation Safety Board today released a fact sheet that reviews lessons learned from the accident investigation and the
progress toward ensuring that similar tragedies do not happen in the future.
The Board's review found that significant safety improvements have been implemented over the past ten years, but that more needs to be done to avoid another accident like TWA 800.
TWA 800, a Boeing 747, crashed on July 17, 1996, minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport on a flight to Paris, France. All 230 persons aboard the airplane died in the accident. The Safety Board conducted an exhaustive four-year investigation and determined that
the accident was caused by an explosion in the center wing fuel tank, resulting from ignition of the flammable fuel/air mixture in the tank.
"The crash of TWA 800 was a watershed event for the air carrier industry," said NTSB Acting Chairman Mark V. Rosenker. "In the intervening years, a lot of thought and effort has been devoted to the issues raised by this
accident, and the public is safer for it."
The most prominent issues raised by the TWA 800 accident concern protection against flammable fuel tank vapors and aging electrical systems.
Rosenker noted that fleet-wide inspections and analytical reviews of fuel tank design have resulted in significant measures that have the potential to reduce the likelihood of an ignition event inside a tank, and that fuel pumps, fuel
quantity indicating systems, in-tank wiring, co-routed wiring, and operational procedures have been modified to make fuel systems safer.
"Equally important," Rosenker said, "is the prospect of substantially reducing fuel tank flammability exposure - something that was seen as impractical ten years ago but is now feasible, even in this difficult era when airline operators need to be extremely conscious of costs."
But while applauding the FAA and industry for the progress that has been made, Rosenker cautioned that the process is moving much too slowly. "Ten years after the TWA accident, fuel tank inerting systems are not in place on our airliners, and flammability exposure is largely unchanged. And proposed rule changes do not include the majority of fuel tanks which are in the wings of transport airplanes, nor this country's large fleet of cargo aircraft." Consequently, he added, reduction in fuel tank flammability remains on the NTSB's Most Wanted List of Safety Improvements.
Rosenker also expressed disappointment that the FAA did not act on the NTSB's immediate, interim recommendations, issued a few months after the TWA accident, that were aimed at reducing the fuel tank flammability problem until longer-term solutions are in place. The recommendation was closed by the Safety Board last year and given an "unacceptable action" status.
Rosenker noted that the TWA accident gave great impetus to legislation that revolutionized the ability of the families of the victims to obtain accurate and timely information about an airliner accident and the subsequent investigation. Passed in 1996, Public Law 104-264 assigned to the NTSB the
role of integrating the resources of the Federal government with those of local and state authorities, and the airlines, to meet the needs of aviation disaster victims and their families. Today, the emergency planning accomplished by the airlines, in cooperation with the NTSB, serves as a model
for the transportation industry in this country and throughout the world.
Further information on the investigation of the crash of TWA 800, the text of the final report and the recommendations stemming from the accident are available on the NTSB web site at www.ntsb.gov.
Attachment: TWA 800 Fact Sheet
Media contact: Paul Schlamm (202) 314-6100
TWA FLIGHT 800
The crash of a Boeing 747, operating as TWA flight 800, on July 17, 1996, tragically took the lives of all 230 persons aboard, and resulted in one of the most extensive, expensive and technically difficult investigations in the Safety Board's history.
After a 4-year investigation, the Safety Board determined that the probable cause of the crash was an explosion in the center wing fuel tank; the ignition of the flammable fuel/air mixture in the tank was attributed to an electrical
failure.
The accident investigation highlighted two significant issues with major implications for the design and operation of transport airplanes. One concerns the potential vulnerability of fuel tanks, the other the problems raised
by aging aircraft wiring.
Fuel Tank Vulnerability
Since the TWA 800 accident, there have been two additional airliner fuel tank explosions. On March 3, 2001, a center wing tank explosion destroyed a Thai Airways B-737 at the terminal in Bangkok, Thailand.
Currently under investigation is a left wing fuel tank explosion on a Transmile Airlines B-727 in Bangalore, India on May 4, 2006. At the time of the explosion the airplane was waiting to be towed and only the auxiliary power unit
was running. The exact source of the ignition energy for the fuel/vapor mixture has not been determined, but initial examination of the structural damage to the left wing indicates that most likely the wing would have failed had the airplane been in flight at the time of the explosion. Such a structural failure in flight would not be survivable.
The TWA 800 investigation found that factors contributing to the accident were:
A flawed design and airworthiness certification philosophy that fuel tank explosions could be prevented solely by eliminating all likely ignition
sources; and,
The certification of the Boeing 747 design that had heat sources located beneath the center wing tank with no means to reduce the heat transferred into the fuel tank, and no protection against the flammability of vapors that accumulated in the tank.
The Safety Board concluded that dealing just with ignition sources was not sufficient to ensure safe flight and that fuel tank flammability must be addressed.
On December 13, 1996, the NTSB issued two safety recommendations aimed at reducing flammable fuel/air mixtures on airliners. One suggested short-term measures in airplane operations that could immediately reduce the levels
of these flammable mixtures (A-96-175), while the other called for design changes that would necessarily take years to implement (A-96-174).
Both recommendations were placed on the Board's Most Wanted List of Safety Improvements.
The Safety Board is disappointed that the FAA has refused to require air carriers to adopt short-term actions that could be quickly implemented to lessen fuel tank vulnerability. In November 2005, the NTSB classified this recommendation "Closed-Unacceptable Action."
The FAA has made significant progress in eliminating potential ignition sources in the entire fleet of transport airplanes. In May 2001, the FAA issued Special Federal Aviation Regulation Number 88 (SFAR 88) requiring a comprehensive analysis of all potential ignition sources in aircraft fuel tanks, and provisions to remove the ignition source risk.
The FAA also is in the process of issuing over a hundred airworthiness directives that address specific problems that were found in various airplane models.
On November 22, 2005, the FAA issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) titled "Reduction of Fuel Tank Flammability in Transport Category Airplanes" which proposes new rules that should greatly reduce the chances of a catastrophic fuel-tank explosion by requiring a flammability reduction system be installed and used in transport category airplanes.
The NTSB strongly supports adoption of this NPRM for both existing and new airplanes, and has urged the fastest possible implementation.
The NPRM, however, will not apply this requirement to airliner wing fuel tanks, nor to cargo aircraft. The Safety Board believes this system should be required for cargo as well as passenger aircraft, and that wing fuel tanks should also be covered. As the recent Bangalore incident illustrates, the potential for ignition of fuel/air vapors can exist in wing tanks as well as center wing tanks.
The Safety Board is concerned that movement on the NPRM has been so slow and that closure of the comment period has been repeatedly postponed, finally closing on May 8, 2006. Airliner fuel tanks are as flammable today as they were ten years ago.
Aging Wiring
In the TWA 800 investigation, the Safety Board found evidence to conclude that the most likely source of ignition energy for the fuel tank explosion was a short circuit that introduced electrical energy into the tank.
Examination of numerous other transport airplanes revealed wide-spread problems related to the aging of wiring and other airplane systems that could result in catastrophic accidents.
On April 7, 1998, the Safety Board issued a series of recommendations (A-98-34 to 39) addressing wiring problems that potentially could result in fires or provide fuel tank ignition sources.
Additional recommendations (A-00-105 to 108) concerning the aging and maintenance of systems installed in the entire fleet of transport airplanes were issued following the Safety Board's public meeting (August 22-23, 2000) at which the TWA 800 final investigation report was considered.
On October 5, 2005, the FAA published an NPRM titled "Enhanced Airworthiness Program for Airplane Systems/Fuel Tank Safety" that proposed a combination of actions to ensure the safety of commercial airplanes by improving the design, installation, and maintenance of electrical wiring
interconnection systems.
The Safety Board believes this NPRM has many positive aspects and introduces numerous potential improvements, and looks forward to its implementation.
TC
